¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½ : ©P¯¬·ë¡]2000¡^¡C¥L¤s¤§¥Û:¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|±MÃD¬ã¨s¡C»O¥_¡G¤å´º¡C
¡@
²Ä¥|³¹¡@¥xÆW»P¬ü°ê¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¼ú¹S¤§¤ñ¸û
¡@
³ü¡B«e¨¥
¡@¡@³\¦h¤H©Î³\·|»{¬°¡G¬ü°ê¦Û¤»¡³¦~¥N¹{§GªÖ©wªk®×¡]Affirmative Action¡^¨´¤µ¡A¾Ç³N¬É¤k©Ê±Ð®vªº¦a¦ìÀ³¸ÓÀò±oÅãµÛªº§ïµ½¡]Finkelstein, 1984a; Simeone, 1987¡^¡CµM¦Ó¾¨ºÞ¦U¤j¾Ç¸u¥Î¤k³Õ¤h¾á¥ô±Ð®vªº¤ñ¨Ò¼W¥[¡A¤k©Ê¨ÌµM¥u¥e¥þÅé¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤H¼Æªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤K¡A¦h¼Æ¥ô±Ð©ó¡u¶Ç²Î©m¾Ç¬ì¡v¡A¨C¦~¥§¡¦¬¤J¤ñ¨k©Ê¤Ö¤»¤d¤¸¡]¬üª÷¡^¥ª¥k¡A¦b¾¦ì¤W¤ñ¨k©Ê§C¥|¦Ü¤¤À¤§¤@¯Å¡A¸û¤Ö¦³¾÷·|¾á¥ô¤j¾Ç¦æ¬F¥DºÞ¡]Chamberlain, 1988; Watkins, 1990; Strohm, 1990¡^¡C¦¹¥~¡A¬ü°êªº¤k©Ê±Ð®v¦h¶°¤¤¦b¤G¦~¨î©Î¸û¤£µÛ¦W¤j±M°|®Õ¥ô±Ð¡A¦Ü©ó¦b¤Éµ¥¤Î¥Ã¤[¸u¥ô¸ê®æ¡]tenure¡^ªº¨ú±o¤W¡A¤]»·¸û¨k©Ê§xÃø¡]Astin, 1991¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@®Ú¾Ú¬Y¨Ç¬ã¨s«ü¥X¡A¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¨î«×¡]academic reward system¡^¤¤ªº©Ê§O®t²§°ÝÃD¥i±q¥H¤U´X¤è±±´°Q¡G¾Ç³N¤u§@¦~¸ê¡B±Mªø»â°ì¡B¬ì¨t¡B¾Ç³NµÛ§@¡B¾Ç¾ú¤Î¦³Ãöªº¤u§@¸gÅç¡]Astin & Bayer, 1972; Braskamp & Johnson,1978; Barbezat, 1988¡^¡C¤£¹L¨s³º¬O¦óºØ¦]¯À³y¦¨¦¹ºØ©Ê§O®t²§¡A¾ÇªÌÌ·N¨£¤Àª[¡A¤×¨ä¤Ï¹ïY¤z¥u´N¬Y¤è±±´°Q³æ¤@¦]¯Àªº¬ã¨s¡C
¡@
¡@¡@¤ÏÆ[°ê¤º¾Ç³N¬É¤]¦³Ãþ¦üªº°ÝÃD¡C¥H¦U¯Å±Ð®vªº©Ê§O¤À¥¬¬°¨Ò¡A±q¥®¸X¶é¨ì°ª¤¤¶¥¬q¡A¤k©Ê±Ð®v´X¥G¥e¤Fµ´¤j¦h¼Æ¡AµM¦Ó¨ì¤F¤j¾Ç¡A¨k©Ê«o¥e¤F·¥¤jªºÀu¶Õ¡C¥H¤@¤E¤E¡³¦~¬°¨Ò¡A¤¤¤p¾Ç¦Ñ®v¤¤¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤¤Q¤¬°¤k©Ê¡AµM¦Ó¦b¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤¤¡A¤k©Ê¥u¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤K¡]Ministry of Education, 1991¡^¡C¨ãÅé¦a»¡¡A¤k©Ê¥u¥e±Ð±ÂÁ`¼Æªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¡A°Æ±Ð±Â¤H¤fªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¤K¡AÁ¿®v¦Ê¤À¤§¥|¤Q¡A¤Î§U±Ðªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤¤Q¤T¡C³o¤@¤À§G±¡§Î»¡©ú¤F¤@Өƹê¡A§Y¡G¡@¤j¾Ç¥ô±Ð¤´¬O¥H¨k©Ê¬°¥D¡F¡@¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤¤Â¾¯Å·U°ª¡A¤k©Ê·U¤Ö¡]Yao, 1983¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@¦P¼Ë¦a¡A¤k©Ê±Ð®vªº±Mªø¦b¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤]°¾¦V¶Ç²Î¤k©Ê¾Ç¬ì¡A¦p®a¬F¡BÅ@²z¡B¤H¤åÃÀ³N¤Î±Ð¨|¬ì¨t¡C¤Ï¤§¡A¨k©Ê«h¶°¤¤©ó¬ì¾Ç¤Î§Þ³N¬ì¨t¡A¨ä¤H¼Æ¸û¸Ó»â°ìªº¤k©Ê¦h¥X¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¦Ü¦Ê¤À¤§¤K¤Q¥ª¥k¡C¤ñ°_´X¥e¥b¼Æªº¤j¾Ç¤k¥Í¦Ó¨¥¡A¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v©Ò¥eªº¤ñ¨ÒÅãµM¤£¨¬¡]Ministry of Education, 1989¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@¦¹¥~¡A¦b¦¬¤J¤è±¡A¶ÈºÞ¦U¤j¾Ç±Ð®vÁ~¤ô²Î¤@³W©w¡AµM¦Ó¦b¤ñ¸ûÓ¤H¥þ³¡¦¬¤J¡]®Õ¤º¡B¥~¦Xp¡^®É¡A¤k©Ê¦¬¤J¥§¡¨C¦~¸û¨k©Ê¤Ö¤Q¤G¸U¥x¹ô¡]Lin, 1987¡^¡C°ê¤º¥Ø«e¤´µL¤k¤j¾Ç®Õªø¡A§Y¨Ï¦b¾á¥ô¤Tªø¤Î¨t©Ò¥DºÞ¤W¡A¨ä¾÷·|¤´»·§C©ó¨k©Ê¦P¤¯¡]Hsu, 1990¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@¥Ñ¤W¥i¨£¡A¤¤¬ü¨â°êªº¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v±Á{µÛY¤z¦@¦P°ÝÃD¡C³\¦h¤H¤£§K½èºÃ¡A¥H¥Ø«e¤j¾Ç¤k¥DºÞ¦p¦¹¤Ö¥B±Ð®v¾¯Å°¾§Cªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¤k©Ê¦p¦ó¯à³z¹L¨Mµ¦¹Lµ{¡A³ê°_ª`·N¥HÀË°Q§ï¶i¡Aªº½Tȱo¶i¤@¨B¬ã¨s¡C
¶L¡B¬ü°ê¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤¦³Ãö©Ê§O®t²§¤§¬ã¨s
¡@
¡@¡@¬ü°ê¾ÇªÌRossi¡]1973¡^«ü¥X·í¥N¬ü°ê±´°Q¤k©Ê¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªº¬ã¨s¥i¤À¦¨¤TÃþ¡C²Ä¤@Ãþ¥Dn®Ú¾Ú¦U¬ì¨t°|®Õ©Ò´£¨Ñªº¸ê®Æ¨ÓÀ˵ø¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªºÂ¾¯Å¤À¥¬¡]rank distribution¡^¡BÁ~¤ô¡B¤Éµ¥¡B¥Ã¤[¸u¥ô¸ê®æ¡B¤u§@®É¶¡¤À°t¤Î¬ã¨s²£¶q¡A¥H¦¹¨Ó¤ñ¸û¨k¤k±Ð®vªº®t²§¦a¦ì¡C²Ä¤GÃþ¬ã¨s¥]¬A¤@¤E¤»¤E¦~¥d¤º°ò°òª÷·|¡]Carnegie Commission¡^¤Î¬ü°ê±Ð¨|©eû·|©Ò±q¨Æªº½Õ¬d¡A¥H«Ø¥ß¥þ¬ü¤j¾Ç¦Ñ®v¼Ë¥»¬°¥D¡A±´°Qªñ¼Æ¤Q¦~¨Ó¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¦a¦ìªº§ïÅÜ¡]Astin & Bayer, 1979¡^¡C²Ä¤TÃþ¬ã¨s«h¥]¬A¥ÑHelen Astin¬°¥Dªº¬ã¨s¡A°w¹ï¦b¤»¡³¦~«×Àò±o³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ìªº¤k©Ê¡A¶i¦æ¨ä¥Í²Pµo®iªº°lÂÜ¡]Astin, 1969¡^¡C¤Wz³o¤TºØÃþ«¬ªº¬ã¨s¤j¦h¨ü¤@¤E¤»¡³¦~¥N¬ü°ê°ü¤k¹B°Êªº¼vÅT¡A¸Õ¹Ï¥H¦UºØ»P¥Í²P¦³ÃöªºÅܼơA¨ÓÀˮ־dzN¬É¬O§_¹ï¤k©Ê¦s¦³©Ê§Oª[µø¡]Finkelstein, 1984a¡^¡C¾¨ºÞ¤Wz¬ã¨sªº§@ªÌ̤@P»{¬°¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªº¤u§@µo®i¾÷·|¤w³vº¥´£ª@¡AµM¦Ó¤]¤£¥i§_»{¦a«ü¥X¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤ªº©Ê§O®t²§±¡§Î¤´µM³B³B¥i¨£¡A¥B¶i¨B³t«×«D±`½wºC¡]Rossi & Calderwood, 1973¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@¨ì¤F¤K¡³¦~¥N¥½´Á¡A¤@¶µÃD¦W¬°¡u¾Ç³N¬Éªº°ü¤k¡v¡]Women in Academe¡^ªº¨ó¦P¬ã¨spµe¡]Chamberlain, 1988¡^¡AÀ˵ø¤Fªñ¤Q¦~¨Ó¬ü°ê¤k©Ê¦a¦ìªº¶i¨B±¡§Î¡F¸Ó¬ã¨sµo²{»P³Ìªñ¦bUCLA°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤¤¤ß©Ò±q¨Æªº¥þ¬ü¤j¾Ç±Ð®v½Õ¬d¬ã¨s©Ò±o¨ìªºµ²ªG¬Û·í¤@P¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A¥þ¬ü¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªº¤ñ¨Ò¤w¸g±q¤C¡³¦~¥Nªì´Áªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤G´£°ª¨ì¤K¡³¦~¥N¥½´Áªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤E¡F¦b±Ð±Â³o¤@¯Å¦Ûì¥ýªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤EÂI¤K´£°ª¨ì¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¥|¡F°Æ±Ð±Â¤@¯Å¦Û¤C¡³¦~¥Nªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¤»ÂI¤T¼W¥[¨ì¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤»¡F§U²z±Ð±Â¤@¯Å«h¥Ñ¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤TÂI¤K´£¤É¨ì¦Ê¤À¤§¤T¤Q¤K¡]Astin, 1991¡^¡C¤£¹L¤Wz¼W¥[ªº³¡¤À¤j¦h¨Ó¦Û©|¥¼¨ú±o¥Ã¥ô¸ê®Æ¡]unturned¡^¤Î¨â¦~¨îªÀ°Ï¾Ç°|ªº±Ð®v¾¦ì¡C¦Ü©ó¨k¤kÁ~¸ê®t²§ªº±¡ªp«h¨ÌµM«ùÄòµÛ¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¦Ê¤À¤§¥|¤Q¤@ªº¤k©Ê±Ð®v¨C¦~¦~Á~¤£¨ì¥|¸U¬üª÷¡]¬ù¤@¦Ê¸U¥x¹ô¡^¡A¬Û¹ïªº¨k©Ê«h¥u¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¤K¡C¦b°ªÁ~³o¤@¶¥¤¤¡]¦~Á~¶W¹L¤C¸U¬üª÷ªÌ¡^¡A¨k©Ê¤¤¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¤C¹F¨ì³o¼h¼Ð·Ç¡A¤Ï¤§¤k©Ê¤¤«o¥u¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤TÂI¤¶W¹L³oӼƦr¡]Astin, 1991¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@Á`¤§¡A¤Wz¬ã¨s¤j¦h±qÓ¤H¡B¾Ç®Õ¤ÎªÀ·|¦h¨¤«×¨Ó±´°Q¡A³o¨Ç¬ã¨s¥i³£¦³¥H¤U¦@¦Pªºµ²½×¡G
¡@¡@¡]¤@¡^¹L¥h¤G¡B¤T¤Q¦~¤¤¤k©Ê¹ï¾Ç³N¬Éªº°Ñ»P¤ñ¨Ò¥¿³v¦~´£°ª¡F
¡@¡@¡]¤G¡^¤j¦h¤k©Ê¤´¶°¤¤¦b¶Ç²Î¤k©Ê¾Ç¬ì¡A¥ô¾©ó¸û¤£µÛ¦Wªº¾Ç°|¡A¨Ã¥B¾¯Å¸û§C¡F
¡@¡@¡]¤T¡^»P±ø¥ó¬Û¥éªº¨k©Ê¤ñ¸û¡A¤k©Ê¤Éµ¥³t«×¸ûºC¡A¦b¨ú±o¥Ã¥ô¸ê®æ¤W¤]¤ñ¸û§xÃø¡F
¡@¡@¡]¥|¡^¤k©ÊªºÁ~¸ê¬ù¥e¨k©Êªº¦Ê¤À¤§¤K¤Q¤¡A¨â©Ê¶¡ªºÁ~¤ô®t¶Z¤´Â«ùÄòµÛ¡F
¡@¡@¡]¤¡^¤k©Ê¦b°Ñ»P¥DºÞ¦æ¬F¤Î¨Mµ¦¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤´¥u§êºt¦¸nªº¨¤¦â¡]Finkelstein, 1984a¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@Á`¤§¡A¤j¦hªº¬ã¨s³£«ü¥X¾¨ºÞ¤k©Ê°Ñ»P¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¤H¼Æ¼W¥[¡A¤£¹L³\¦hÃþ¦ü®Õ¶é¤¤¼ç¦sªº©Ê§Oª[µø°ÝÃD¡A¤´¦³¿à«·s¥h¥¿µø»P§ï¶i¡A¤×¨ä¹ï©ó¬°«O»Ù¤k©Ê¤Î¤Ö¼Æ¥Á±ÚÅv¯q©Ò¬I¦æªºªÖ©wªk®×¡A§ó¶·¶i¤@¨B¤©¥HÀË°Q¡C
¡@
°Ñ¡B¨â©Ê®t§O«Ý¹J¥i¯àªº¸ÑÄÀì¦]
¡@
¡@¡@¬°¤F¸ÑÄÀ¤Wz¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤©Ê§O®t²§¡]gender differences¡^ªº°ÝÃD¡A§@ªÌ®Ú¾Ú¥H©¹ªº¬ã¨s¡AÂk¯Ç¥H¤U¨âºØì¦]¡G(1)¥Ñ©ó©Ê§O¤£¦P¦Ó²£¥Íª[µø±¡§Î¡F(2)¨k¤k¤£¦Pªº¾Ç³Nªí²{¡C¥H¤U±N¶i¤@¨B°Q½×³o¨âºØì¦]¡G
¡@
¡]¤@¡^°ò©ó©Ê§O¤£¦P©Ò²£¥Íªºª[µø±¡§Î
¡@¡@¦³Y¤z¬ã¨sÁnºÙ¡G¥Ñ©ó¾Ç³N¬É¦s¦³Âù«¼Ð·Ç¡A¦]¦¹©¹©¹§C¦ô¤F¤k©Êªºªí²{¡Aµ¹¤©¸û®tªº«Ý¹J¡C¦¹ºØ¦]©Ê§O¦Ó²£¥Í¤£¦P«Ý¹J©Îª[µøªº±¡§Î¡A¥i±q¤k©Ê¸ûÃøÀò±o¤É¾E¨ú±o¥Ã¥ô¸ê®æ¤¤¬Ý¥X¤@¤G¡]Kahn & Robbins, 1985¡^¡C
¡@
¡@¡@(1)©Ê§O¨èªO¦L¶H»P¯Ê¥Fµ¥¦P»ùÈ¡]comparable worth¡^¡G
¡@¡@³\¦h¥Î¤H³æ¦ì¸u½Ð±Ð®v®É¡A·|¦³¹w³]¥ß³õ¡A»{¬°¤k©Ê¦]¬°®a®x³d¥ôªº½t¬G¶Õ¥²µLªk¥þ¤O§ëª`¤u§@¤W¡A¦]¦¹¦bÔ¿ï¤H±ø¥ó¬Û¦Pªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¹ï¨k©Ê·|¦³¸û°ªªºµû»ù¡A¥B¶É¦V¿ý¨ú¥LÌ¡]Farber, 1977; Finkelstein, 1984a¡^¡C¥t¥~¡A¦b½Ð¨D¥H¾Ç³Nªí²{¬°¥Dªº¤j¾Ç¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤¡A«o¦]¬°¹ï©ó¨k¤kÃþ¦üªºªí²{µ¹¤©¤£¦Pªºµû»ù¡A¨Ï±o¤k©Ê¦bÁ~¸ê¡B¤Éµ¥¡B¥Xª©¤Î°Ñ¥[¨Mµ¦¤W»·»·¸¨©ó¨k©Ê¤§«á¡C¥H¥Xª©¾÷·|¬°¨Ò¡A¤k©Êªº§@«~©¹©¹¸ûÃø³q¹Lµû¼f¡A¤×¨ä¦b¯A¤Î¨â©Ê¬ã¨s¡]gender issues¡^¥DÃD®É¡A¦h·|³Qµø¬°®¯Â÷¾Ç³N¥D¬y¡]main stream¡^ªº¦¸¯Å¬ã¨s¡]Simeone, 1987¡^¡C
¡@¡@(2)²Õ´¤¤ªºª[µø¡]institutional discrimination¡^¡G
¡@¡@¦p¦P¨ä¥L¦æ·~¤@¯ë¡A¾Ç³N¬É¦³¨ä¯S¦³ªº¬ì¼hµ²ºc¡B¤å¤Æ¤Î¦¨´N»{©w¤è¦¡¡C¥Ñ©ó¨k©Ê¦b¨ä¤¤¥eµ´¤j¦h¼Æ¡A¾Ç³N§@«~¤]³£¥R¥¸µÛ¨k©ÊªºÆ[ÂI¡A³\¦h¹CÀ¸³W«h¥ç¬°¨k©Ê©Òq©w¡A¥Ñ¦¹¦Ó¨Ó©Ò¦³¦³Ãöªº¸u¥Î¡B¤É¾E»P«Ý¹Jµ¥¿ìªk¦ÛµM¹ï¥u¥e¤Ö¼Æ¥B¤£¿Ú¾Ç³N¤å¤Æªº¤k©Ê¨Ó±o¤£§Q¡]Kahn & Robins, 1985¡^¡C
¡@¡@(3)¨k¤H°éªº¤H»Úºô¸ô¡]the oldboy network¡^¡G
¡@¡@¡u¨k¤H°é¡v¥D«ü¨k©Ê¦P¾««D¥¿¦¡ªº¤¬°Êºô¸ô¡]Mitchell, 1987¡^¡C³o¤@«D¥¿¦¡¤H»ÚÃö«Y¥i´£¨Ñ³\¦h±¡³ø¥æ´«¡Bpµe¦X§@¡B¥Í²P³W¹º¡B¤u§@¤É¾E¤Î¤ß²z¿Ô°Óµ¥¾÷·|¡]Welch, 1980; Green, 1982¡^¡C¹ï±q¨Æ¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¤@ºôµ¸¦s¦b©ó¤p¦Û¦U±Mªù»â°ì¡A¤j¦Ü¦U®Õ¶¡ªº«D¥¿¦¡·¾³qºÞ¹D¡C±q¤@¨Ç¬ã¨sµ²ªGµo²{¡A¤j¦h¼Æ¤H·|¶É¦V©ó¿ï¾Ü»P¦Û¤v¦P©Êªº¤p¹ÎÅé¡A¦]¦¹¤k©Ê¦b¾Ç³N°é¤¤¤£®e©ö³Q¯Ç¤J¨k¤H°é¤º¡A±`±`³Q±Æ©Ú¦b¥~¡A¼vÅT¤F°Ñ¥[«D¥¿¦¡²Õ´¡A¥æ´«¸ê°T»P¤ß±oªº¾÷·|¡]Lewis, 1975; Simeone, 1987¡^¡C
¡@¡@¤Wzªº¦]¯À¥[¤W¾Ç³N¬É¯S¦³ªºµ²ºc£á—¥H¨k©Ê¬°¥Dªº¤H»Úºôµ¸¤Î¨Mµ¦¾úµ{¡A¨Ï±o¤k±Ð®vªº¦a¦ì¤Î«Ý¹J³Æ¨ü¼vÅT¡C
¡@
¡@(¤G)¨k¤kªº¾Ç³Nªí²{¤£¦P
¡@
¡@¡@¨k¤k¶¡ªº¤£¦Pªí²{¥i°l·¹¨ì¥H¤U¤TÓ¦]¯À¡G
¡@
¡@¡@(1)¤£¦PªºªÀ·|¤Æ¹Lµ{¾ÉP¤k©Ê¥H®a®x¬°«ªº¦Û§Ú¿ï¾Ü¡]personal choice¡^¡G
¡@¡@Y¤z¬ã¨s«ü¥X¡A¤k©Ê¦b¾Ç³N¬Éªº¦a¦ì©¹©¹¬O¥X©óÓ¤Hªº¿ï¾Ü¡]Bernard, 1964; Johnson & Stafford, 1979¡^¡C¥Ñ©ó¦Û¤p¨ü¨ìªÀ·|¤Æ¹Lµ{ªº¼vÅT¡A¤j¦h¼Æ¤k©Ê·|¦b¨Æ·~»P®a®x¶¡¿ï¾Ü«áªÌ¡A¤×¨ä¦b¤l¤k¥®¤p´Á¶¡¡A¦h·|´î¤Ö¹ï¤u§@ªº§ë¤J¡G¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A¤k©Êªº¤u§@¥Í²P¸ûµu¡B¥Í²£¤O¤]¸û§C¡]a lower average productivity¡^¡A«Ý¹J¤W¦ÛµM¤]´N¤£¦p¨k©Ê¡]Johnson & Stafford, 1979¡^¡C¤Ï¤§¡A¨k©Ê¦Û¤p³Q±Ð¾É¦¨¥H¤u§@¡B¨Æ·~¬°¥Dn¦¨´N¡C¤ñ°_¤k©Ê¡A¥L̸û¤Ö¦³®a®x»P¨Æ·~¨¤¦â½Ä¬ðªºÀ£¤O¡]¦b¨Æ·~»P±B«Ã¶¡°µ¿ï¾Ü¡^¡A§ó¯à¦b¾Ç³N¤W¥þ¤ß§ë¤J©ó¬ã¨s¡B¥Xª©»P°Ñ¥[¦UºØ¾Ç³N¬¡°Ê¤W¡A¨ä¦¨´N¨ãÅé¥B®e©ö³QªÖ©w¡A¦]¦ÓÀò±o¸û¦nªº³ø¹S¡]Galligan, 1982; Eder & Sparker, 1987¡^¡C
¡@¡@(2)¤£¦Pªº±Ð¨|I´º»P°V½m¡G
¡@¡@¤k©Ê¦Û¤p³Q°V½m¦¨«µø·P©Ê¡A§êºt¥À©ÊÃöÃhªº¨¤¦â¡A±j½Õ»P¤H¤¬¬Û¦X§@¦Ó«DÄvª§¡A¾A¦X±q¨Æ»P¤H¸s¬Û³Bªº¤u§@¦Ó«D¯Â²z©Êªº¾Ç³N«ä¦Ò¡]Eder & Sparker, 1987¡^¡C¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡A¤k©Ê¦b¤j¾Ç¥ô±Ð®É¡A©¹©¹¶É¦V©ó±q¨Æ»P¾Ç¥Í¨Æ°È¦³Ãöªº¬¡°Ê¡A¦p±Ð¾Ç¡B»²¾É¡A¦Ó©¿²¤±q¨Æ¬ã¨s¡B¥Xª©¥H¤Î®Õ¤º¨Mµ¦©M®Õ¥~¾Ç³N¬¡°Ê¤§°Ñ»P¡]Finkelstein, 1984b¡^¡C±Ð¾Ç»P»²¾É¾Ç¥Í©TµM«n¡AµM¦Ó«o¤£¦p¬ã¨s¡B¥Xª©¤Î¨Mµ¦°Ñ»Pµ¥¶µ¥Ø¨Ó±o¨ãÅé¥B¨üÆf¥Ø¡A¤×¨ä¬O¥Xª©¼Æ¶q¦b¤Éµ¥¤W¨ã¦³¨M©w©ÊÃöÁä¡C¸Û¦pBernard ¡]1964¡^©Ò±j½Õ¡A¤k©Ê¦b±Ð¾Ç¤Wªº§ë¤J»P¹ê»Ú³ø¹S¤£¬Û²Å¡Aì¦]¦b©ó±Ð¾Çªº¦¨ªG©¹©¹¸û¤£ÅãµÛ¡A¤]¤£©ö¤©¥H¦Ò®Ö¡A¤£¦ü¬ã¨s¡B¥Xª©®e©öq¥X¼Ð·Ç¡Bµû»ù¸û«ÈÆ[¦¨ªG¤]ÅãµÛ¡C
¡@¡@(3)¤£¦PªºªÀ·|¡B¤å¤Æ¨î¤k©Ê±q¨Æ±M·~¥Í²Pªº°l¨D¡G
¡@¡@±B«Ã»P®a®x³d¥ô©¹©¹¬O¤k©Ê±q¨Æ¾Ç³N¥Í²Pªº¨â¤j¨î¡C¬ã¨s«ü¥X¡A¤w±B°ü¤k¸û¥¼±B¤k©Ê®e©ö·P¨ü¨ì¤u§@»P®a®x¨âªÌ¶¡ªº¤£®É½Ä¬ð¡]Koester & Clark, 1980¡^¡CY¤z¬ã¨sµo²{¡A³\¦h¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v±`©ê«è®É¶¡¤£°÷¦w±Æ¡A¨Ò¦p¡G¤k©Ê¤ñ¨k©Ê¦hªá¤@¿¥ª¥kªº®É¶¡¦b®a¨Æ¤W¡A¬Û¤Ïªº¤Ö¤Fªñ40%ªº®É¶¡¦b¾Ç³N¤u§@¤W¡]Herman & Gyllstrom, 1977¡^¡C¦¹¥~¡A¥Ñ©ó°t°¸§ó´«¤u§@¦aÂI¡A¤k©Ê³Q¢Â÷¾ªº±¡ªp¥ç®É¦³©Ò»D¡C
¡@
¡@¡@Á`¤§¡A¤k©Ê¦b¾Ç³N¬É©Ò¨ü¨ìªººØºØ®t§O«Ý¹J¡Aì¦]¬Æ¦h¡A©Ê§Oª[µø¤Î¤£¦Pªº¾Ç³Nªí²{¬O¤@¯ë¤åÄm¤¤³Ì±`¨£ªº±´°Q¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A¹ï©ó¨â©Ê¤£¦PªºªÀ·|¤Æ¹Lµ{¤Î¤å¤Æ¦]¯À¡A¤]¦³¥i¯à³y¦¨¤Wz®t§O¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦b¬ã¨s¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤¨â©Ê®t²§ªº°ÝÃD®É¡AÀ³¾¨¶q±q¦UºØ¤£¦P¨¤«×¤©¥H±´°Q¡C
¸v¡B¤¤¬ü¨k¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¼ú¹S®t²§¤§¤ñ¸û
¡@
¡@¡@¾¨ºÞ°ê¤º¥Ø«e¹ï©ó¨k¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤ªº®t²§°ÝÃD¬Æ¤Ö°µ¬ã¨s¡A¤£¹L®Ú¾Ú§@ªÌ¦b¤@¤E¤E¡³¡ã¤@¤E¤E¤G¦~¤¤°w¹ï¥xÆW¦a°Ï¤j¾Ç±Ð±Â¤Î°Æ±Ð±Âªº©â¼Ë½Õ¬d¤¤µo²{¥H¤Uµ²ªG¡]Chou, 1992¡^¡G
¡@
¡@¡@¡@(1)¤k©Ê±Ð®vªº®Õ¤º¥~Á`¦¬¤JÅãµÛ§C©ó¨k©Ê¡F
¡@¡@¡@(2)¤k©Ê¸ûÃø¤É¨ì±Ð±Â¤@¯Å¡A¥B¤É¾E³t«×¸ûºC¡F
¡@¡@¡@(3)¤k©Ê¸û¤Ö¦³¾á¥ô°ª¯Å¥DºÞªº¾÷·|¡F
¡@¡@¡@(4)¨k©Ê¹ï©ó¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¤¤¤§©Ê§O®t²§°ÝÃD¸û¤£ª`·N¡F
¡@¡@¡@(5)¤H»Úºôµ¸ªº«Ø¥ß»PÂX®i¦³§U©ó´£°ª¨k©Ê¦¬¤J¡F
¡@¡@¡@(6)³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¹ï©ó¤k©Ê¦b¤Éµ¥¤W¤ñ¨k©Ê§ó¥[«n¡F
¡@¡@¡@(7)®a°È³d¥ô¹ï¨k©Ê¦¬¤Jªºt±¼vÅT¤ñ¤k©Ê¦¬¤J¨Ó±o¤j¡C
¡@¡@ºî¦X¤Wz¬ã¨s¡A¥i¬Ý¥X¤¤¬ü¨â°ê¨k¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªº¾Ç³N¼ú¹S®t²§±¡§Î¡G
¡@
¡@¡@¡]¤@¡^¥H¤Éµ¥¦~¬°¨Ò¡A¥xÆW¤k©Ê±Ð®v¸ûÃø¤É¨ì±Ð±Â¤@¯Å¡]Chou, 1992¡^¡FµM¦Ó®Ú¾Ú¬ü°êªº¬ã¨s¡A¤@¯ë¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¸ûÃø¤É¾E¨ì°Æ±Ð±Â¤@¯Å¡]Farber, 1977¡^¡Aì¦]¥i¯à¬O¦h¼Æ¬ü°ê¤j¾Ç¦bÁ¿®v¤Î°Æ±Ð±Â¶¡³]¦³§U²z±Ð±Â¡]assistant professor¡^¤@¯Å¡C±q§U²z±Ð±Â¤É¨ì°Æ±Ð±Â¢w¢w§Y¥Ã¥ô¸ê®æ¡]tenure¡^ªº¨ú±o¤Wµû¼f«D±`ÄY®æ¥B¶O®É¡A¤@¯ë¤H¤£®e©öÀò±o¡C¤£¹L¡A¤@¥¹¨ú±o¥Ã¥ô¸ê®æ¡A©¹«á¤É¨ì±Ð±Âªº¤ñ²v¤Ï¦Ó¸û¤j¡C¤ÏÆ[¥xÆWªº¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¡A¥H©¹³\¦hÀò±o³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ìªÌ§Y¥H°Æ±Ð±Â¸u¥ô¡C¹ï¤k©Ê¦Ó¨¥¡A¥Ñ©ó·U¨ì°ª¶¥¼h¡A·UÃø³Q¯Ç¤J¨Mµ¦®Ö¤ß»P¤H»Úºôµ¸¡F¦]¦¹¡A·U¨ì±Ð±Âªº¤Éµ¥¤W¡A¤k©Ê©Ò±Á{ªº§xÃø¤]·U¤j¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤G¡^¥H¦@¦P¦X§@¬ã¨sªº·®ð¨Ó¬Ý¡A¾¨ºÞ¦³¬ì¨tªº¤£¦P¡A¥xÆW¦a°Ïªº¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¸û¬ü°ê±Ð®v¶É¦V³æ¿W§@·~¡F¨s³º³o¬O¥Ñ©ó°ê¤º±Ð¨|¬Fµ¦¬Æ¤Ö¹ªÀy¸ó®Õ©Î¸ó¨tªº¦X§@¬ã¨s¡A©ÎªÌ¦³¨ä¥L¦]¯À¨ÏµM¤´¦³«Ý¶i¤@¨B±´°Q¡C¤£¹L¤¤¬ü±Ð®v¦@¦P¬MÃÒªº¤@ÂI¬O¡G¨k©ÊªºÁ`¦¬¤J·|¦]¤H»Úºôµ¸ªº©Ý®i¦Ó´£°ª¡F¤Ï¤§¡A¿W¥ß§@·~«h¥Nªí¨k©Ê¸û§Cªº¦¬¤Jª¬ªp¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤T¡^¥H°t°¸¬O§_¤]±q¨Æ¾Ç³N¤u§@¦Ó¨¥¡A¥xÆWªº¬ã¨sµ²ªG«ê¦n»P¬ü°êªº¬Û¤Ï¡]Astin, 1978¡^¡C¦b¥xÆW¡A¥t¤@¥b¤]¦b¾Ç³N¬É¤u§@¤Ï¦Ó¦¨¬°¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¦¬¤Jªºt¹w´úÅܼơ]negative predictor¡^¡C¨s³º³o¼Ëªºµ²ªG¬O¦]¬°¦b¥xÆW¦a°Ï¡AÂùÁ~®a®x¸gÀÙ¸û¤£¸·¹¼¥F¡A¥HP¤£»Ýn¥ô¦ó¤@¤è®æ¥~§V¤OÁÈ¿ú¡A©ÎªÌ¦]¤Ò°ü¨â¤H¬Ò¦b¾Ç³N¬ÉªA°È¡A¦h«µøºë¯«¼h±¡A©¿²¤ª÷¿ú°l¨Dªº½t¬G¡Aì¦]©|»Ý¶i¤@¨BÃÒ¹ê¡C
¡@¡@¡]¥|¡^´N¾·~ÅܾE¡]job mobility¡^¦Ó¨¥¡A°ê¤ºªº±¡ªp¤£¹³¬ü°ê±Ð±Â¤@¼Ë±`¶·Åܧó¤u§@¦aÂI¨Ó¹F¨ì¤É¾E¥Øªº¡A¥xÆWªº¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¦h¥ô±Ð©ó¦P¤@©Ò¾Ç®Õ¡C¥Ñ©ó´N·~¥«³õ¸û¤p¡A®Õ»Ú¶¡ªºÂ¾°ÈÅܰʦb¥xÆW¤£¨£±o¯à±a¨Ó¤É¾E¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤¡^¥Ht¾á®a®x³d¥ô¦Ó¨¥¡A¤¤¬ü¨â°êªº¤k©Ê¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤´³Q´Á«Ý¾át¸û¦hªº®a®x¤Î¾i¨|¨à¤kªº³d¥ô¡C¦p¦P¬ü°ê¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤@¼Ë¡A§Ú°ê¤k©Ê±Ð®vªá¦b®a°È¤Wªº®É¶¡¬°¨k¦P¨Æªº¤T¿¡C¦³½ìªº¬O¡A§Ú°ê¨k©Ê¤j¾Ç±Ð®vªºÁ`Á~¸ê·|¦]±q¨Æ®a°È¦Ó´î¤Ö¡C¨s¨äì¦]¡A¥i¯à¬O¥Ñ©ó¥xÆW¦a°Ïªº®a°È¨Æ¤j¦h¥Ñ¤k©Ê©Òt³d¡A¦]¦¹°Ñ»P®a¨Æ»P§_¹ï¤k©Êªº¦¬¤J¦h¹è¤Ï¤£¨ãŲ§O¤O¡F¤Ï¤§¡A¹ï¤j¦h¼Æ¤£t¾á®a°Èªº¨k©Ê±Ð®v¦Ó¨¥¡A°µ®a¨Æ¤Ï¦Ó¨Ï¥L̦¨¡u²§Ãþ¡v¡A¤À´²¤F±q¨Æ¾Ç³N¬¡°Êªº®É¶¡¡AÁ`¦¬¤J¤]¬Û§Î¦a´î¤Ö¤F¡C¤£¹L¤Wzªº¬ã¨sµo²{«o¤£À³²_¬°¨k©Ê©Úµ´©Úµ´°Ñ»P®a°ÈªºÂǤf¡A¤×¨ä¦b·U¨Ó·U¦h¤k©Ê§ë¤J¾Ç³N¤u§@ªº¥xÆW¦a°Ï¡A®a°È¤À¤u§ó¦³¿à¨â©Êªº¦@¦P°Ñ»P¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤»¡^¥H¡uÄߩȦ¨¥\¡v¡]fear of success¡^¤ß²z¦Ó¨¥¡A¤¤¬ü¨â¦aªº¤k¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤´µM¦b·NÓ¤H¬O§_¯à²Å¦X¶Ç²Î¤k©ÊÅU®aªº¨¤¦â¡C¤×¨ä¬O³\¦h¦~»´ªº¥xÆW¤k±Ð®v¤´µM¾á¤ßÓ¤Hªº¨Æ·~¦¨´N¬O§_·|¶W¶V°t°¸¡Cµ²ªG¡A¤£¤Ö¨Ý®a®x»P¨Æ·~ªº¤k©Ê¡A¤@¤è±¯Ê¥FªÀ·|¡B¾Ç®Õªº¤ä«ù¡A¦A¥[¤W¾Ç¬É³B³BÁô·Lªº©Ê§Oª[µø¡A¨Ï±o³o¨Ç¤k©Ê¬°¤F²Å¦X¶Ç²Î¨¤¦â¡A¦b³ÌªìÀ³¼x¤u§@¤Î«á¨Óªº¥ô±Ð¥Í²P¤¤¤ñ¸û®e©ö³B³B§´¨ó¡A¨Ã±µ¨ü¸û²ü¨èªº±ø¥ó¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤C¡^´N¾Ö¦³¡u³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡v¦Ó¨¥¡A¹ï¤¤¬ü¤k±Ð®v¦b¨D¾¡B¬ã¨s¡B¤Éµ¥¤Î¾á¥ô¦æ¬F¥DºÞªº¾÷·|¤W¦P¼Ë«n¡]Finkelstein, 1984b; Ben, 1987; Tsai, 1987¡^¡C³\¦h¬ã¨s¦P®É«ü¥X¤¤¬ü¨â°ê¤k©Ê¦b«Ý¹J¤W»·»¹©ó¬Û¦P±ø¥óªº¨k©Ê¦P¾«¡]Chiang, 1985; Ben, 1985¡^¡C¬°¤FÀ±¸É¦¹ºØ®t§O«Ý¹J¡A¤k©Ê¥²¶·³z¹L´£°ªÓ¤H±Ð¨|¤ô·Ç¡A¨ÓÁY¤p¶ZÂ÷¡C¦]¦¹¡A¾Ö¦³³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¹ï¤k©Ê±q¨Æ¾Ç³N¥Í²P¡AÁYµu¨â©Ê®t§O«Ý¹J¡A´X¥G¤w¦¨¬°¥²³Æ±ø¥ó¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤K¡^¥H¾á¥ô¦æ¬F¥DºÞ¾°È¦Ó¨¥¡A¤¤¬ü¨â°ê¤k±Ð®v¦P¼Ë¾÷·|¸û¤Ö¡C¦Ü©ó¦b¬ã¨s¥Xª©¼Æ¶q¤W¡A¨â°ê¤k±Ð®vªº¾Ç³NµÛ§@§¡§C©ó¨â°ê¨k©Ê¡]Ma, 1985; Astin, 1991¡^¡C
¡@¡@¡]¤E¡^¥H©Ò¦û¤H¼Æ¤ñ¨Ò¦Ó¨¥¡A¤¤¬ü¨â°êªº¤k©Ê¦b¾Ç³N¬É³£¥e¤Ö¼Æ¡G¬ü°ê¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¤¤¤k©Ê¥u¥e¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤KÂI¤K¡A¥xÆW«h¥e¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤Q¤K¡]Astin, 1991; Ministry of Education, 1991¡^¡C¤×¨ä¾¯Å¡]rank¡^·U°ª¡A¤k©Ê¤H¼Æ·U¤Ö¡]±Ð±Â¤@¯Å¬ü°ê¤k©Ê¥e¦Ê¤À¤§¤Q¥|¡A¥xÆW¥u¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¡^¡C¦]¦¹¥i¨£¡A¤j¾Ç¥ô±Ð¤´µM¬O¥H¨k©Ê¬°¥D¡F¾¦ì·U°ª¡A¤k©Ê·U¤Ö¡F¥xÆWªº¤k±Ð±Â¤H¼Æ¤ñ¨Ò¸û¬ü°ê§ó§C¡C
¡@
¥î¡Bµ²½×
¡@
¡@¡@¦p¦P¨ä¥L±M·~¹ÎÅé¤@¼Ë¡A¾Ç³N¬É¦Û¦³¨ä¬J©wªº³W½d»P¯S¦â¡C¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¦b¦¹¦æ·~¤¤¡A¤£¤À©Ê§O®t²§¡A¨É¦³¦P¼Ëªº¾Ç³N¿W¥ß»P¦Û¥D¡A¨äµû¶q¼Ð·Ç¤]À³®Ú¾ÚÓ¤Hªº¤u§@ªí²{¦Ó©w¡]Parsons & Platton, 1968¡^¡C¤£¹L¡A¥Ñ©ó¤j¾Ç±Ð®v³o¤@¦æ·~¨´¤µ¤´¥H¨k©Ê¬°¥D¡]¤¤¬ü³£¤£¨Ò¥~¡^¡AµL½×¦b¸ê·½´x´¤¡B°T®§¥æ´«¡B³W«hq¥ß¤Î¦P¾«¥æ©¹¤W¡A¤k©Ê³£¦]¨©~¤Ö¼Æ¦Ó³B©ó¦H¶Õ¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥»¬ã¨s¥H¤¤¬ü¤j¾Ç±Ð®v¬°¹ï¶H¡A±´°Q¨â°ê¤j¾Ç¾Ç³N¼ú¹S¨î«×¤¤ªº©Ê§O®t²§°ÝÃD¡A±q©Ê§Oª[µø¤Î¤£¦P¾Ç³Nªí²{¨â¤è±¸ÑÄÀ¤k©Ê±Ð®v¦b¦¬¤J¤Î¤É¾Eµ¥¤è±¸¨«á¨k©Êªºì¦]¡F³Ì«áµy§@¤ñ¸û¤¤¬ü¨â°ê©Ò°µªº¬ÛÃö¬ã¨sµ²ªG¡A¥H¤F¸Ñ¨â°ê¤k±Ð®v©Ò¦@¦P±Á{ªºÃøÃD¡C
¡@
¡e¥X³B¡G¶À¥ú¶¯¥D½s¡]¥Á83¡^¡C±Ð¨|§ï²¡C¥x¥_¡C®v¤j®Ñb¡f
¡@
°Ñ¦Ò®Ñ¥Ø
Astin, H. S. (1969). The woman doctorate in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Astin, H. S. (1978). Factors affecting women's scholarly productivity. In H. Astin& W. Hirsch (eds.). The higher education of women: Essays in honor of Rosemary Park. New York: Prager Publishers.
Astin, H. S. (1991). A profile of academic women (1989-90). HERI Ouarterly (Higher Education Research Institute). 5 (3). University of California, Los Angeles.
Astin, H. S. & Bayer, A. (1972). Sex discrimination in academe. Educational Record,53, 101-118.
Astin H. S. & Bayer, A (1979). Pervasive sex differences in the academic reward system:Scholarship, marriage, and what else? In D. R. Lewis & W. E. Becker (eds.). Academic rewards in higher education (pp.211-230). Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.
Barbezat, D.(1988). Gender differences in the academic reward system. In D. W. Breneman,& T.I.K. Youn (eds.). Academic labor markets and careers (pp.138-164). New York: Falmer Press.
Ben, Y. Y.(1985). The contribution of women's labor participation to economic development. Monograph, Conference of Women's Role in the National Development. 259-274. Taipei, Taiwan: National Taiwan University.
Bernard, J. (1964). Academic women. New York: A Meridian Books.
Braskamp, L. A. & Johnson, D. R. (1978). The use of a parity-equity model to evaluate faculty salary policies. Research in Higher Education, 8, 57-66.
Chamberlain, M. K. (ed.). (1988). Women in academe. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Chou, C. P. (1992). Gender differences in the academic reward system: A nation-wide study on university faculty in Taiwan. Unpublished dectoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.
Chiang, L. N. & Ku, Y. (1985). Past and current status of women in Taiwan. Taipei: Population Studies Center, National Taiwan University.
Eder, D. & Sparker, S. (1987). The cultural production and reproduction of gender. The effect of extracurricular activities on peer-group culture. Sociology of Education.60 (July), 200-213.
Farber, S. (1977). The earnings and promotion of women faculty. American Economic Review, 67, 199-206.
Finkelstein, M. J. (1984a). The status of academic women: An assessment of five competing explanations. The Review of Higher Edcation. 7(3), 223-226.
Finkelstein, M. J. (1984b). The American academic profession. Coulmbus: Ohio State University Press.
Galligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambriage: Harvard University Press.
Green. M. (1982). A Washington perspective on women and networking: The power and pitfalls. Journal of NAWDAC, 46, 17-21.
Herman, J. & Gyllstrom, K.(1977). Working men and women: Inter-and Intrarole conflict. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1, 319-333.
Hsu, T.K.(1990). Work content and gender differences: A study of university faculty women's life quality in Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: Chi-yeh Publisher.
Johnson, G. E., Stafford, F. P.(1979). Pecuniary rewards on men and women faculty, In D. R.Lewis & W. E. Becker (Eds.), Academic rewards in higher education. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Company.
Kahn. E. D., & Robbins, L. (1985). Sex discrimination and sex equity for faculty women in the 1980s. Journal of Social issues, 4(4):1-46.
Koester, L. S. & Clark, C. H. (9180). Job stress, job satifactions. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, Canada.
Lewis, L. s. (1975). Scaling the ivory tower: Merit and its limits in academic careers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Lin, W. (1987). A study of hiring and compensation system for university faculty in Taiwan,Taipei, Taiwan: Exexutive Yuan
Ma. S. S. (1985). A study on research productivity of university and college faculty in Taiwan. Taipei, Taiwan: Gwei-guan Book Co.
Ministry of Education. (1989). Educational statistics of the Republic of China. Taipei,Taiwan: Ministry of Education.
Ministry of Education. (1991). Statistics of the Republic of China colleges 1990academic year. Taipei, Taiwan: Ministry of Education.
Mitchell. J. M. (1987). The association of oldboy network with productivity and career satisfaction of women academicians, and antecedents to the oldboy netwrok.Unpublished doctoral dissertaion, University of California, Los Angeles.
Parsons. T. Patton. G. (1968). The American academic profession: A pilot study.Cambridge: Harvard University.
Rossi, A. S. & Calderwood, A. (eds.). (1973). 6 Academic women on the move. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Simeone, A. (1987). Academic women working towards equality. MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers.
Strohm, P.(ed.). (1990). The annual report on the economic status of the profession,1989-90. Academe. (March-April).
Tsai SL. (1987). Commentary. China Forum. 112-114.
Watkins, B. T. (1990, February 7). Education-school reform group set to endorse plan that would alter teacher training, public schools. The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. A16-A18.
Welch, M. (1980). Networking: The great new way for women to get ahead. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Yao, E.S.L. (1983). Chinese women past and present. Mesquite: Ide House Inc.
¡@