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¦Ü©ó¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº¥¼¨ÓÁͶդS±N¦p¦ó©O¡HÁöµM¦b1977¦~¡A¬ü°ê¡u¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|µû½×¡v¡]Comparative Education Review¡^´¿°w¹ï·í®Éªº¡u¾Ç¬ì²{ª¬¡v¡]State of the Art¡^¶i¦æ¥þ½LÀË°Q¡Aµo²{¦h¼Æ¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¾ÇªÌ¦P·N¸Ó¬ì¥Ø¤§²z½×¥H§å§P²z½×¬°¥D¬y¡A±j½Õ¶q¤Æªº¹êÃÒ¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s¤èªk¡CµM¦Ó¤Q¦~¤§«á¡A¦h¼Æ¾ÇªÌ¹ï¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|»â°ì·N¨£¤§¤Àª[«e©Ò¥¼¦³¡A¬Æ¦Ü¦³¤H´£¥X¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¡u²z½×¯}²£¡v¡]theory bankrupt¡^ªº»¡ªk¡A§åµû¹L¥hªº¬ã¨s¬[ºc¹L©ó«]­­¦b°ê®a¬Fµ¦¼h­±¡A¥B¹L«×¨Ì¿à¶q¤Æªº¬ã¨s¡A¥uª`·N±Ð¨|ªº¦¨¥»»P²£«~¡A©¿²¤¤H©M±Ð¨|ªº¥»½è¡]¦Ï¾Ð»T¡A¥Á78¡^¡C¨ì¤F¤@¤E¤E¡³¦~¥N«á´Á¡A¥Ñ©ó¸ê°T¬ì§Þªº§Ö³tµo®i¡A¨Ï±o¥þ²y¤§¶¡¤H»Ú©¹¨ÓªºÀW²v¤j¬°´£°ª¡A¶Ç²ÎªºÅv¤Oµ²ºc»P»ù­ÈÅé¨t­±Á{ÄY®mªº¦ÒÅç»P¬D¾Ô¡C¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¦b¦¹®É¨è§êºtµÛ«P¶i°ê»Ú¤F¸Ñ»P¦X§@¤§¨¤¦â¡CµM¦Ó¡A¼w°êº~³ù¤j¾Çªº Schriewer ¦b¬ã¨s¤¤«o«ü¥X¡]·¨²`§|¡A1995¡^¡A·í«e¡]«ü¤E¡³¦~¥N¥½´Á¡^¼Ú¬ü¦U°ê¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¥¿­±Á{°I°hªº©R¹B¡A¨s¨ä­ì¦]¦³¤T¡G­º¥ý¡A¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|±`³Q¾ã¦X¬°®v¸ê°ö¨|½Òµ{¤§¤@¡F¨ä¦¸¡AÀHµÛ¦U°ê¤j¾Ç¤º³¡²Õ´ªº½Õ¾ã¡A¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|­ì¥»¦b¤j¾Ç¤¤³æ¿W³]¥ßÁ¿®yªº±¡§Î¡A¤w¤£´_¦s¦b¡F³Ì«á¡A¤]¬O³Ì­«­nªº¦]¯À¬O¡A¥Ñ©ó¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¹L©ó­«µø¹ê¥ÎªºªK¸`°ÝÃD¡A©¿²¤¥»¨­¤èªk½×ªººë¶i¡A¥H­PÃø¥H¦¨¬°¥D¬y¡]main stream¡^¡C

 

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¥»¬ã¨s¥Øªº¤§¤@¡A§Y¦b³z¹L¹ï®ü¥~¦a°Ï¤¤°ê¤j³°±Ð¨|¬ã¨s¤§±´°Q¡A´£¨Ñ°ê¤H¬ã¨s¸Ó»â°ì¤§°Ñ¦Ò¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦³¥²­n¥ýÀ˵ø¥xÆW¦a°Ï²{¦³¤§¬ã¨sª¬ªp¡A¥H°w¹ï©Ò»Ý¡A´£¨Ñ­ÉÃ褧¸gÅç¡C

 

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ÀHµÛ¨â©¤¥æ¬y¤§«á¡A¥Á¶¡©¹¨Óªº¸}¨B¥[³t¤F¨â©¤¦b¬F¡B¸g¡B¤å¡B±Ðµ¥¦U¤è­±ªº¥þ­±¤¬°Ê¡A³z¹L¨â©¤¤H¤hªº¥æ¬y°Ñ³X¡A¬Æ¦Ü¸g°Ó¡B©w©~µ¥¬¡°Ê¡A¦b±Ð¨|¤è­±©Ò­l¥Íªº¤@³s¦ê°ÝÃD¡A¨Ï±o¹L¥h¨Ì¾a¶¡±µ¸ê®Æªº¤j³°¬ã¨s¨ü¨ìÄY­«¦ÒÅç¡C¦¹¥~¡A¤j³°¦Û1980¦~¥N§ï­²¶}©ñ¤§«á¡A¤£¦ý¦U¦aÅܤƳt«×§Ö¡A¥B¦a°Ï®t²§©Ê¿E¼W¡C¦]¦¹¡A«ÜÃø±N¬ã¨sµ²ªG±À½×¨ì¾ã­Ó¤¤°ê¤j³°¡]µ{¤¶©ú¡A1992a¡^¡C¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¬ã¨s±Ð¨|°ÝÃD®É¡A¦b¬ã¨s¤èªk¤W¥²¶·¯S§O­«µø¡A¹ï©ó¸ê®Æªº¸àÄÀ¤]¥²¶·®æ¥~·V­«¡C

 

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(1) ¥D­n¥HºÓ¤h½×¤å¬°¥D¡A¥B1990¦~¥H«áªº¬ã¨s¼Æ¶q¦¨ªø³Ì

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(2) ¤@¯ëºî¦X¤j¾Ç¹ï¤j³°±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº½×¤å¤ñ®v½d°|®Õªº¬ã¨s¼Æ

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(4)1990¦~¥H«eªº½×¤å¡A¦b¬ã¨s¤èªk¤W¦h¥H¤G¤â¸ê®Æ¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A¤§«á«h¥X²{¸û¦h¥H¹ê¦a°Ñ³X¬°¥Dªº¬ã¨s³ø§i¡C

 

(¤G)¦b´Á¥Z½×¤å¤è­±

 

(1)1990¦~¥H«á¡Aµoªíªº½×¤å½g¼Æ¼W¥[¡A¥B¬ã¨s¤H­û¨Ó·½´¶¤Î©Ê´£°ª¡A¤£¦A§½­­¤Ö¼Æ¤H¡C

(2)¦b¬ã¨s¥DÃD¤W¡A°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¶É¦V¬Fµ¦¡B¨î«×¤Î¤J¾Ç¦Ò¸Õµ¥¶µ¥Ø¡F¤¤µ¥±Ð¨|«h¤j¦h¶°¤¤¦b½Òµ{¡B¾Ç¨î¡B®v¸ê»P±Ð¨|¸g¶O¤W¡F¦bªìµ¥±Ð¨|¤è­±«hµÛ­«¦b²Õ´¡Bªk³W¡B½Òµ{»P±Ð§÷¡B®v¸ê¡B¥H¤Î±Ð¨|¸g¶Oµ¥¤­¶µ¥DÃD¡A¨ä¤¤¤S¥H¨â©¤ªìµ¥±Ð¨|±Ð§÷ªº¤ñ¸û¬ã¨s¬°¤@¤j¯S¦â¡C

(3)¦b¬ã¨s¤èªk¤W¡A¥D­n¤´¥H¤åÄmªk¥e¦h¼Æ¡F¦b¬ã¨s¸ê®Æ¤è­±¡A¤´µM¥H¤j³°©x¤è²Î­p¼Æ¦r¬°¨Ì¾Ú¡A¯Ê¥F¦U¦a¯u¹êªº¨ãÅé¨ÒÃÒ¡C

 

®Ú¾Ú¤W­zªº¤ÀªRµ²ªG¡A§^¤HÂk¯Ç¥H¤Uµ²½×¡G

 

1.¾Ç¦ì½×¤å¤´¬O¤µ«á¥xÆW¦a°Ï¬ã¨s¤j³°±Ð¨|ªº¥D­n¨Ó·½¤§¤@¡A¤×¨ä±q¾Ç³N¤H¤~ªº°ö¾i¤WµÛ²´¡A¥²¶·¦³¨¬°÷ªº¬ã¨s¤H¤O§ë¤J¸Ó»â°ì¡A±q¨Æªø´Á¡B²`¤Jªº±´°Q¡A¤~¯à«Ø¥ß¸Ó»â°ì¤§¾Ç³NÅv«Â¡CµM¦Ó±q·¨´º³ó¡]1996¡^ªº¤ÀªRµo²{¡G¤j¦h¾Ç¦ì½×¤åªº§@ªÌ¡]¤×¥HºÓ¤h¶¥¬q¬°¥D¡^­­©ó´N·~¥«³õ©Î¨ä¥L¦]¯À¡A¦h¥¼¯àÄ~Äò±q¨Æ¬ÛÃö»â°ì¤§¬ã¨s¡A¦¨¬°¸Ó»â°ì¤H¤~°ö¨|¤§¤@¤jÁô¼~¡C

 

2.¬ã¨s¤èªk³vº¥Â\²æ¹L¥h¥H¤G¤â¸ê®Æ¬°¥D¤§¤åÄm¤ÀªR¤è¦¡¡A§ï±Ä¹ê¦a³X¬dµ¥¤è¦¡¡CµM¦Ó­­©ó®É¶¡¡B¸g¶O¡A¤j¦h¼Æ¤H¥u¯à±q¨Æµu´Á¡B¬y°Ê¤è¦¡ªº°Ñ³X¡A¥B§½­­¦bªu®ü¡B¤j³£¥«¦a°Ï¡C

 

3.¬ã¨s¤j³°±Ð¨|°ÝÃDªº´x´¤»P¸àÄÀ¡A¥²¶·¥[±j¹ïªÀ·|­I´º¦]¯Àªº¤F¸Ñ¡A¥H¤Î¹ï©ó±¡¹Ò¸Ñºcªº¯à¤O¡C´«¨¥¤§¡A±´°Q¤j³°±Ð¨|°ÝÃD®É¡A¤£¯à¥u§½­­¦b±Ð¨|»â°ì¤¤½Í°ÝÃD¡A¥²¶·¤£®É±NIJ¨¤ÂX¤Î¨ìªÀ·|¨ä¥L¼h­±¡AÃö·Ó¾ã­ÓªÀ·|¯ßµ¸ªºÅܤơA¤~§ó¯à¨£¨ì¯u¹ê­±¡C¬ã¨s²z½×ªº¥[±j¡]¤£¶È­­©ó¦è¤è²z½×¡^¡A¤@¤è­±¥i¥H¼W¥[¸ê®Æ¤ÀªR®Éªº¨Ì¾Ú»PÅçÃÒ¡A¥t¤@¤è­±¤]¥i¥H¨ó§U¬ã¨s¤H­û­°§C·NÃÑ«¬ºAªº¼vÅT¡A´£°ª»ù­È¤¤¥ß©Ê¡C

 

 

 

’]°Ñ¡B¤¤°ê¤j³°±Ð¨|±M®a¤§µû¤¶¢w¢w¥H³\¬ü¼w¡]Ruth E.S. Hayhoe¡^¬°¨Ò

 

 ®Ú¾Ú®ü¥~¦a°Ï³\¦h±q¨Æ¤¤°ê¤j³°±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº±M®aªí¥Ü¡A¥Ø«e¦b¸Ó»â°ì«ùÄò¬ã¨s¡BµÛ§@Â×´I¡A¥B¿n·¥°Ñ»P¹ê°È¤u§@ªÌ¡A­º±À¥[®³¤jÄy³\¬ü¼w±Ð±Â¡]Ruth E.S. Hayhoe¡^¡CŲ¦¹¡A¥»³¹±N¥H³\³Õ¤h§@¬°­Ó®×¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¡A¤¶²Ð¨ä­Ó¤H¤§Â²¾ú¡B¬ã¨s¥DÃD¡B²z½×¡B¬ã¨s¤èªkµ¥¶µ¥Ø¡A³Ì«á¨Ã¥[¥HµûŲ¤§¡C

 

¤@¡B­Ó¤H²¤¶

 

³\¤ó©ó1945¦~¥X¥Í©ó¥[®³¤j¡A1967¦~²¦·~©ó¦h­Û¦h¤j¾Ç¡]University of Toronto¡^ªººû¦h§Q¨È¾Ç°|¡A¥D§ð¥j¨å¤å¾Ç¡C1979¦~¤Î1984¦~¤À§OÀò±o­Û´°¤j¾Ç±Ð¨|¾Ç°|ªººÓ¤h¤Î³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A¨ä¤¤³Õ¤h½×¤åÃD¥Ø¬°¡u¼w¡Bªk¡BĬ¡B¬ü°ê¤§¤j¾Ç¼Ò¦¡¤Î¤¤°ê¦Û1911¦~¥H¨Ó°ªµ¥±Ð¨|¬Fµ¦¤§µû¦ô¡v¡C1967¦Ü1982¦~¶¡³\¤ó¤À§O¥ô±Ð©ó­»´ä¦w§Q±e¤k¤l¤¤¾Ç¤Î¤W®ü´_¥¹¤j¾Ç¡C1984¦Ü1986¦~¶i¤J¦h­Û¦h¤j¾Ç¦w¤j²¤¬Ù±Ð¨|¬ã¨s©Ò¡]Higher EducationGroup, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education¡A²ºÙOISE¡^±q¨Æ³Õ¤h«á¬ã¨s¡A1986¦~°_¥ô±Ð©ó¸Ó¾÷ºc¡A1994¦~¨Ã¾á¥ô¸Ó©Ò°ªµ¥±Ð¨|±M·~¨t¥D¥ô¡A 1996¦~¦¨¬°°Æ©Òªø¡C´Á¶¡¨Ã©ó1989¦~¦Ü1991¦~¾á¥ô¥[®³¤j¾n¥_¨Ê¤å¤Æ³B³Bªø¡A1996¦~Àò¤é¥»¨ó·|¼ú§U«e©¹¦W¥j«Î¤j¾Ç±q¨Æ³X°Ý¬ã¨s¡A1997¦~«e©¹­»´ä¾á¥ô±Ð¨|¾Ç°|°|ªø¤@¾¡C

¡@

³\¬ü¼w±Ð±Â¨´¤µ¡]1997.1¡^¦@¥Xª©¤F¨â¥»¦³¤¤°ê°ªµ¥±Ð¨|ªº±M®Ñ¡G

 

(1)     China's Universities 1895-1995: A Century of  Cultural Conflict (New York:Garland Press, 1996)

(2)     China's Universities and the Open Door (New York: M. E. Sharpe¡A1989)

 

¦¹¥~¡A¨Ã¥D½s¤»¥»»P¤¤°ê¤ÎªF¦è¤è¤¬°Ê¦³Ãöªº±Ð¨|±M®Ñ¡A¥]¬A¡G

 

(1)  East-West Dialogue in Knowledge and Higher Education 

  ¡]New York: M. E. Sharpe,1996¡^

(2)  Ma Xiangbo and the Mind of Modern China 1840-1939 ¡]New York:  

   M. E. Sharpe,1996¡^

(3)  Knowledge Across Cultures: Universities East and West ¡]Toronto:    OISE Press,1993¡^

(4)  Education and Modernization: The Chinese Experience¡]Oxford: Pergamon Press,1992¡^

(5)  China's Education and the Industrialized World: Studies in

   Cultural Transfer¡]Toronto: OISE Press, 1987¡^

(6)Contemporary Chinese Education ¡]London: Croom Helm, 1984¡^

 

¤G¡B¬ã¨s¥DÃD

 

 ¥Ñ©ó³\±Ð±Â©l²×Ãö¤ß¤ñ¸û»P°ê»Ú±Ð¨|¤¤²z½×»P¹ê»ÚªºÃöÁp©Ê¡A¤×¨ä¬O»P¤¤°ê¦³Ãöªº±Ð¨|°ÝÃD¡A¦]¦¹«P¨Ï¥L§ë¤J±Ð¨|µo®iªº¹ê°È¤u§@¤¤¡C®Ú¾Ú¥L1989¦~¥Zµn©ó¡u¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|µû½×¡v¡]Comparative  Education Review¡^ªº¤@½gÃþ¦ü­Ó¤H¦Û¶Çªº¡u¤¤°ê¤§Á¼¡v¡]A Chinese Puzzle¡^¤å³¹¤¤¡A´y­z¥L¦p¦ó¶i¤J¤¤°ê°ªµ¥±Ð¨|ªº¬ã¨s»â°ì¡C

 

 ¦b¤å³¹¤@¶}©l¡A³\¤ó«ü¥X¡G¡u¦bÆp¬ã¡B±´¯Á¤¤°ê°ÝÃD¤Î¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº¼Æ¤Q¦~¶¡¡A§Ï©»¬O¤@­Ó»s³y¤Î¸Ñ¶}Á¼»y¡]puzzle making and  solving¡^ªº¹Lµ{¡v¡]Hayhoe, p.155¡^¡C³o´Á¶¡³\¤ó¸ÕµÛ¥h«Øºc¤¤°ê±Ð¨|¬ã¨sªº¤ÀªR·§©À¤Î¬ã¨s¤u¨ã»P¤èªk¡AÀ³¥Î¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|ªº­ì²z»P³q«h¡A°w¹ï¤¤°ê¤å¤Æªº¯S®í©Ê¡A¨Ó¸ÑÄÀ¤¤°ê±Ð¨|ªºµo®i»PÅܤơC¥Ñ©ó1976¦~¦Ü1982¦~¶¡¡A³\¤ó¦b­»´ä¤Î¤W®ü¾á¥ô±Ð®v¡A¥H­P¦³¾÷·|¥Ø¸@¤¤°ê¤j³°¤å¤Æ¤j­²©R¤Î¤å­²¥H«áªº§ï­²¶}©ñ¡]open door¡^¹Lµ{¡C¤×¨ä¦b1976¦~¬Ý¨ì¥|¤HÀ°«±¥x¡AÅý³\¤ó§ó¥[Åé·|¨ì¬ã¨s¤¤°êªº¤å¤Æ¡B±Ð¨|°ÝÃD¡A¤£¯à¦A¥u¬O§½­­¦b¤¤°ê¥»¨­ªº±¡¹Ò¤¤¡A¤×¨ä¬O¦b¤å­²¤§«á¡A»P¦è¤è¥@¬É¹jµ´¤Fªñ¤T¤Q¦~¤§¤[ªº¤¤°ê¡A¦p¦ó¶}±Òªù¤á¡A­«·s¶i¤J¥@¬É¦æ¦Cªº³o¤@³s¦ê§ïÅܹLµ{¡A¤Þ°_³\¤ó¶i¤@¨B¬ã¨s¤¤°êªº¦n©_¡A¨M¤ß¿Ë¨­°Ñ»P¤¤°ê¹ï¥~¶}©ñªº¾úµ{¡C³\¤óªá¤F¨â¦~ªº®É¶¡¦b¤W®ü´_¥¹¤j¾Ç¥~»y¨t±Ð®Ñ¡]1978-79¡^¡A¤§«á¨Ã«e©¹­Û´°¤j¾Ç¥H¤­¦~ªº®É¶¡§¹¦¨¤ñ¸û±Ð¨|³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡C

 

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µù1¡GWillhelm, K. A. (ed.) (1994). Access Asia: A guide to specialists and current research. Washington: The National Bureau of Asian Research. ¦¹®Ñ¦Û1992¦~¶}©l¥Xª©¡A¨C¦~¥@¬É´¶¬d¡A¥X®Ñ¤@¥U¡C

µù2¡GSteinhoff, P.G. (ed.)(1989). Japanese Studies in the United States. Ann Arbor: The Japan Foundation and the Association for Asian Studies.

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